Sunday, September 8, 2019
Advantage and Disadvantage of Globalization Research Paper
Advantage and Disadvantage of Globalization - Research Paper Example Globalization comprises economic incorporation, the relocation of the policies across the borders, sharing of knowledge, cultural stability, the reproduction and discourse of power. It is a global procedure, a concept and the development of global market which is free from socio-political control. Globalization tends to include all these aspects. The concepts related to globalization have been defined since long period of time with certain suggestions referring to progress, development and constancy, incorporation as well as cooperation. While few others referred to the concept as regression, destabilization and colonialism. Although there are certain challenges, this term brings with it numerous hidden agendas. These are an individual’s political thoughts, geographic spot, social position, cultural setting along with racial and religious relationship that offers the conditions determining how globalization is interpreted (Stallings) By its characteristics, globalization compr ises of numerous disciplines, communities as well as cultures. This permits for numerous viewpoints such as economic, political as well as social. Globalization is considered as an evolutionary term and is considered as a fluid procedure which is constantly changing with the progress of the human society (Goyal). The main objective of this paper is to identify the advantage and the disadvantage of globalization in the United States and other countries. At the onset, the paper will try to offer clear definition of the term globalization. Then, it will try to identify the impact of globalization on various countries and abroad. The paper will mainly concentrate upon the advantages and disadvantages of globalization to the United States and other countries as well. Meaning of the Term Globalization Globalization is the hastening and strengthening of communication among the people, companies as well as governments of numerous nations. It can be stated that value tends to play a vital ro le in describing globalization. A definition of the term globalization as â€Å"Americanization†or possibly, the â€Å"McDonaldization†, of the world demonstrates globalization as one of the procedures derived by American consumer culture that in turn affects other cultures (Al-Rodhan). There are three main tensions related with globalization. The three tensions demonstrate the contradictory values at stake in the procedure of globalization. By evaluating the controversies regarding globalization via the prism of these three main tensions, one can easily comprehend the positive as well as the negative impacts of numerous components of globalization and the ways to locate the balance thereby reproducing their values. The first tension is related to individual choice and societal choice. A conflict arises when an individual, practicing his/her right to make use of a particular lifestyle, to purchase a particular product, or to consider a particular thought is generally not matching with what society as a whole states is most preferable for the society at large. For example, a few of the people in the society may prefer smoking and
Saturday, September 7, 2019
Equity & Trusts Essay Example for Free
Equity Trusts Essay Answer: Introduction: In order to create a valid trust, it is necessary to have three certainties of trust, formalities, and perfect constitution. A trust will be perfectly constituted where the rights, which are to form the subject matter of the trust, are vested in the intended trustee. In Knight v Knight[1] Lord Langdale, a private express trust cannot be created unless three certainties are present; these are certainty of intention, certainty of subject matter and certainty of beneficiaries. Settlors specify the number of beneficiaries to create fixed trust, for example a trust in favour of ‘my children’.  In Vandervell v IRC[2], Vandervell’s bank held the legal title to shares on a resulting trust for him and, upon his instructions, transferred them to the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS). The IRC argued that (1) Vandervell had made a valid transfer of the stock to the RCS, despite disposing of his equitable interest without writing, and (2) he had a beneficial interest in the option to purchase, which was extremely valuable. Consequently Vandervell had substantially increased his tax liability. As to (1), it was held that an instruction to transfer the legal title out of a trust completely did not amount to a disposition of an equitable interest, so s. 53(1)(c) of the LPA 1925 did not bite. For (2) and this is the really twisted thinking because Vandervell did not intend to make an outright gift of the benfits that would follow from the exercise of the option to purchase the company stock, he must have intended the trust company to apply those benefits for somebody else. Certainty of intention: Intention is important to create a valid trust. Technical words are not required. The question is whether, on the proper construction of the words are used, the settlor or testator has shown an intention to create a trust and conversely, the use of the word trust does not conclusively indicate the existence of a trust. A precatory expression of hope or desire, or suggestion or request, is not sufficient. Certainty of subject matter: Testamentary gifts have failed where they concerned â€Å"the bulk of my estate,†or â€Å"such parts of my estate as she shall not have sold†or â€Å"remaining part of what is left†or all of my other houses†. In Hunter v Moss, the CA held that a declaration of trust of 50 shares from a holding of 950 did not fail for uncertainty of subject matter. Certainty of beneficiaries: A trust may fail for uncertain beneficiaries. Therefore, the trustees need to be able to identify who the beneficiaries should be, certainty of objects. The requirement for the existence of identified beneficiaries is called the ‘beneficiary Principle’. The ‘beneficiary Principle’ states that a valid trust must be for the benefit of ascertainable individuals- the trust must have beneficiaries. In consequence, equity will not countenance a trust to carry out a purpose since the benefits of carrying out a purpose are not owed to any specific individuals. Hence, the principle is also framed as the ‘no purpose trust’ rule. The ‘beneficiary Principle’ states that a valid trust must be for the benefit of ascertainable individuals- the trust must have beneficiaries. The first objection may be seen in a celebrated dictum of Sir William Grant M.R. in Morice v Bishop of Durham[4]. Every trust has an obligation. [Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), Press. pg 19] This rule similar to ‘privity’ rule of contract law; only parties of the contract may enforce it; even though some third party may benefit from the performance of a contract, that factual benefit alone gives him no interest under the contract, and thus no right to enforce it. In Re Astor’s Settlement Trust[5], Lord Astor purported to create a trust for ‘the maintenance of good understanding between nations and preservation of the independence and integrity of newspapers.’[Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005) Pg 228]. The court held that the trust was void for uncertainty on the ground that the means by which the trustees were to attain the stated aims were un specified and the person who was entitled, as of right, to enforce the trust was unnamed. In the other words, a trust creates rights in favour of the beneficiaries and imposes correlative duties on the trustees. If there were no persons with the power to enforce such rights, then equally there can be no duties imposed on trustees. In IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust[6], it was held that for a trust to be valid the trustees must be able to draw up complete list of the beneficiaries. They had to overcome any conceptual or evidential uncertainties that might arise and locate all the beneficiaries, since otherwise the trust fund could not be properly distributed. It has been recognised, however in Re Gulbenkian[7] and McPhail v Doulton[8] that this test is very appropriate for fixed trusts, but creates unfair and unjust results for discretionary trusts. The nature of a discretionary trust is that allows the trustees to make a reasonable choice between the beneficiaries, and the strict application of the test would be defeat the trust and settlers intention where the majority of the beneficiaries were clearly identified and located but some of them were not. Although the trustee would be able to make a reasonable selection, the ‘complete list’ test would invalid the trust. Lord Wilberforce recognised this as unsatisfactory while giving judgment in McPhail v Doulton: When settlors create discretionary trust, the trustees are required to exercise their discretion to select the beneficiaries from among a class of objects and/or determine the quantum of interest that the beneficiaries may enjoy. The modern test for certainty of objects in respect of discretionary trusts is known as the ‘individual ascertain ability’ test, or the ‘is or is not’ test, or the ‘any given postulant’ test. This test was laid down by the House of Lords in McPhail v Doulton (sub nom Re Baden) and Re Gulbenkian[9]. The test is very appropriate for fixed trusts, but creates unfair and unjust results for discretionary trusts. Although the trustee would be able to make a reasonable selection, the ‘complete list’ test would invalid the trust. Lord Wilberforce recognised this as unsatisfactory while giving judgment in McPhail v Doulton (1971):   ‘The basis for the Broadway Cottages principle is stated that to be that a trust cannot be valid unless, if need be, it can be executed by the court and the court can only execute it by ordering an equal distribution in which every beneficiary shares.’ A new test has been adopted for power and discretionary trusts. This test means that ‘the power will be valid if it can be said with certainty whether any given individual is or is not a member of the class and the power does not simply fail because it is impossible to ascertain every member of the class according to in McPhail v Doulton. In case of Re Hay’s Settlement Trusts[10] the trust may be valid although identify of all the objects is not known. In the case of wide-ranging discretionary trust and the trustee has applied his mind to the ‘size of the problem’ should he then consider in individual cases whether, in relation to other possible claimants, a particular grant is appropriate. In Re Barlow’s Will Trusts[11], the testatrix, by her will, directed her executor to sell her collection of valuable paintings subject to the provision that ‘any member of my family and any friends of mine’ be allowed to purchase any of the paintings at a catalogue price complied in 1970. The executors applied to the court to ascertain whether the direction was void for uncertainty and guidance as to the appropriate method for identifying members of the testatrix’s family. [Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005), Pg 95] The Court held that the direction as to ‘friends’ was valid, for the properties were to be distributed in specie and quantum of the gifts did not very with the class. Despite the expression ‘friends’ being conceptually uncertain, the transfer by will amount to a series of individual gifts to persons who satisfied a specific description. The court also gave a guideline on the identification of friend’s family. These are as follows: The relationship with the testatrix was required to be a long standing, The relationship must have been social as opposed to business or professional’, When circumstances permitted, they met frequently. The expression ‘family’ meant a blood relationship with the testatrix. A â€Å"friend†was a person who had a relationship of long standing with the testatrix, which was a social as opposed to a business or professional relationship, and who had met her frequently when circumstance permitted For the benefit of all assiduous lawyers working within the European Union’ are conceptually or sufficiently certain and it is possible to make a complete list of lawyers. However, the list will be too large, so it is possible to fail the trust. The court was prepared to assume that ‘inhabitant’ was sufficiently certain, but held the trust void for administrative unworkability as a class was far too large. In Re Denley’s Settlement Trusts[12], Goff J upheld a trust under which a piece of land was to be used as a recreation ground for the employees of a particular company. Goff J regarded the Subsequent commentary on the case has tended to treat the case as merely one of a particular kind of discretionary trust according to Re Grant’s Will Trusts [13], or as a trust for persons with the purpose being treated merely as a â€Å"superadded†direction or motive for the gift Re Lipinski’s Will Trusts [14]. Thus, the case appears to have been read to deny that it represents a true departure from the beneficiary principle. In Re Lipinski’s will Trusts[15] however; Oliver j followed the principle of Re Denley’s Trust Deed by finding that although a trust for the erection of buildings of the hull Judeans (Maccabi) Association was expressed as a purpose trust. It was in fact for the benefit of ascertainable individuals, namely, the members of the club, and he therefore held the trust to be valid. It was argued that because the testator had made the gift in memory of his late wife, this tented to perpetuity and precluded the association members for the time being from enjoying the gift beneficially. Oliver J rejected this argument. Applying the principle of Re Lipinski’s Will Trusts to this disposition therefore, it might well not fail for certainty of objects. In Re Endacott[16], a testator transferred his residuary estate to the Devon Parish Council ‘for the purposes of providing some useful memorial to myself’. The trust was failed for uncertainty of objects. In Pettingall v pettingall [17], the testator’s executor was given a fund in order to spend â‚ ¤ 50 per annum for the benefit of the testator’s black mare. On her death, any surplus funds were to be taken by the executor. The court held that in the view of the willingness of the executor to carry out the testator’s wishes, a valid trust in favour of the animal was created. The residuary legatees were interested not in the validly of the gift in its failure. In Re Dean[18], the testators directed his trustees to use â‚ ¤ 750 per annum for the maintenance of his horses and hounds should they live so long. It was held that the trust was valid. In Re Kelly[19], the court took the view that lives in being were required to be human lives. In any event, the court is entitled to take judicial notice of the lifetime of animals. In Re Haines, The Times, 7th November 1952, the court took notice that a cat could not live for no longer than 21 years. In Re Thompson[20], the Pettingall principle was unjustifiably extend to uphold a trust form the promotion and furtherance of fox hunting. A trust for the building of a memorial or monument in memory of an individual is not charitable, but may exist as a valid purpose trust if the trustees express a desire to perform the task. In Mussett v Bingle,[21] a testator bequeathed â‚ ¤ 300 to his executors to be used to erect a monument to the testator’s wife’s first husband. The court held that the gift was valid. Similarly, a gift for the maintenance of a specific grave or particular graves may be valid as private purpose trusts but additionally the donor is required to restrict the gift within the perpetuity period, otherwise the gift may be invalidated. In Re Hooper [22], a bequest to trustees on trust to provide ‘so far as they can legally do so’ for the care and upkeep of specified graves in churchyard was upheld as a private trust. The perpetuity period was satisfied by the phase ‘so far as they can legally do so’. Conclusion: Theoretically, according to general rule all four stages required to transfer to be completed before the trust was upheld but practically this principle is relaxed now. To honour the intention of settlor and protect unconscionability, equity use the maxim that equity will perfect an imperfect gift and equity regards, as done that which ought to be done. Bibliography: Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005), London: Sweet Maxwell, Pg 95-116 Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition, (2004), London: Butterworths, Pg 103- 137 Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, 1st Edition, (2005), Hodder Stoughton, Pg 25-45, 227-236 4)        Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), Oxford University Press. pg 18-36 [1]             (1840) All ER, 3 Beav 148, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005), Pg 25 [2]             [1967] 2 AC 291, HL [3]             (1994) 1 WLR 452, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Pg 25-45 [4]         (1804), 9 Ves 399, ER 656, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005), Pg 228 [5]             (1952) All. ER 1067 Ch 534, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2005), Pg 25-45 [6]             (1955) HL, Ch 20 Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005) Pg 37, 38, 42-44 [7]             (1970) AC 508, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition(2005), Hodder Stoughton, Pg 25-45 [8]             (1971) AC 424, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, 1st Edition, (2005) 39, 42, 115, 122 [9]             (1970) AC 424, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), [10]           [1982] 1 WLR Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2004), Pg 103- 137 [11]           (1979) 1 All ER 296 Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005), Pg 95-116 [12]           (1969), WLR 457, 1 Ch 373, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts,(2005) pg 233, 243 [13]           [1979] ALL ER 359, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts,(2005) pg 240 [14]           [1976] W.L.R 522, Ch 253, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005) [15]           [1976] W.L. R 457, Ch 235, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005) [16]           (1960) W.L.R. 799 Ch 232, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2004), Pg 103- 137 [17]           (1842) 11 Lj Ch 176, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, (2005), Pg 95-116 [18]           (1889) All ER, 41 Ch D 552, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), 23 [19]           [1932], IR 255, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005) pg 19 [20]           [1934] CA, Ch 342, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, (2005), Pg 95-116 [21]           [1876] WN. 170, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2004), pg. 280 [22]           [1932] WLR. 327 1 Ch 38, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, 1st Edition, (2005), pg. 232 235
Friday, September 6, 2019
Cloud Database Essay Example for Free
Cloud Database Essay Introduction: The cloud computing is the next generation of the computing, its advantages, advancements and research are a plenty. In recent years, the term â€Å"cloud computing†has been critical in the world of IT. Cloud computing, or the use of internet-based technologies to conduct business, is recognized as an important area for IT innovation and investment (Armbrust et al. , 2010; Goscinski and Brock, 2010; Tuncay, 2010). Cloud computing has spread out through the main areas related to information systems (IS) and technologies, such as operating systems, application software, and technological solutions for firms (Armbrust et al., 2010). The promise of cloud computing is to deliver all the functionality of existing information technology services even as it dramatically reduces the upfront costs of computing that deter many organizations from deploying many cutting-edge IT services (J.Staten, 2009). Cloud computing represents a convergence of two major trends in information technology  (a) IT efficiency, whereby the power of modern computers is utilized more efficiently through highly scalable hardware and software resources and (b) business agility, whereby IT can be used as a competitive tool through rapid deployment, parallel batch processing, use of compute-intensive business analytics and mobile interactive applications that respond in real time to user requirements (W.Kim, 2009). The impetus for change right now is seen predominantly from a costs perspective, as organizations increasingly discover that their substantial capital investments in information technology are often grossly underutilized (Sean Marston et al., 2010). Although there have been many recent publications that discuss various features, opportunities and issues related to Cloud services ([Jane Anderson et al., 2010], [Sam Goundar et al., 2011]), but only few scholars have attempted to explain the factors for adoption of cloud database ([Chinyao Low et al., 2011]). Related studies have looked at Strategic research model for Enterprise Information Planning adoption with Technology, Organization and Environment as moderators (Liu hongjun et al., 2010). The gap in this research is that both TOE and TAM model are not being looked as one model explaining Cloud database adoption. This study investigates the cloud database acceptance by combining the work done by (Chinyao Low et al., 2011) pertaining to Understanding the determinants of cloud computing adoption and (Liu hongjun et al., 2010) pertaining to Strategy Research of Enterprise Information Planning based on TOE-TAM model. Also this study discusses about the key advantages and challenges faced by implementing Cloud database. As the cloud services are increasingly expanding through research and development. This study will be constructive to the cloud service development and growth. Literature Review: Nevertheless, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) provides one of the most parsimonious, yet robust, models in explaining Information and Communication Technology characteristics and their effects on consumer adoption/use of new ICTs (Kenneth C.C. Yang, 2005). Internet is a product of Information Technology; as such Internet Cloud services should be explained as a part of Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989; Davis et al. 1989). TAM is a parsimonious and theoretically justified model intended to explain information technology adoption (van der Heijden, 2003). TAM has two main keywords which are user’s adoption intention and actual usage. The user adoption intention is called as â€Å"Perceived usefulness†, which is defined as â€Å"the degree to which a person believes using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance†(van der Heijden, 2003). The actual usage is called as â€Å"perceived-ease-of-use†, which is defined as â€Å"the degree of to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort†(van der Heijden, 2003). TAM theorizes that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness affect the consumer adoption decisions (Venkatesh and Davis, 2000). Organization will have influence on new technology acceptance from three aspects: T (tech), O (organization) and E (environment). The tech includes existing technology of an enterprise and technology which has not been introduced on the market. Organization generally refers to the scope and scale of an enterprise, including management structure characteristics, and human resource status. Environment is also called regulation on industry and transactions with partners, competitors and government. TOE model is highly systematic, widely used to analyze influence factors of information technology adoption in different fields in recent years. Several studies (Chau and Tam, 1997; Chong and Ooi, 2008; Kuan and Chau, 2001; Lin and Lin, 2008; Oliveira and Martins, 2010; Pan and Jang, 2008; Shirish and Teo, 2010; Zhu et al., 2004) have been credited with proposing the TOE framework, developed by Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990), to analyse IT adoption by firms. The TOE framework identifies three context groups: technological, organizational, and environmental. The technological context refers to internal and external technologies applicable to the firm. Organisational context refers to several indexes regarding the origination, such as firm size and scope, centralisation, formalization, and complexity of managerial structure and the quality of human resources. Environmental context refers to a firm’s industry, competitors and government policy or intention. The TOE framework is consistent with Rogers’ (1983) theory of innovation diffusion (Pan and Jang, 2008; Shirish and Teo, 2010; Wang et al., 2010), which recognizes the following five technological characteristics as precedents for any adoption decision: relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability, and trial ability. Therefore, the TOE framework explains the adoption of innovation and a considerable number of empirical studies have focused on various IS doma ins. Swanson (1995) contended that adoption of complex IT innovations requires an advantageous technology portfolio, organizational structure, and environmental strategy. Chau and Tam(1997) adopted the TOE framework and explained three factors that affect the adoption of open systems. These factors are the characteristics of the innovation, organizational technology, and external environment. Kuan and Chau (2001) confirmed the utility of the TOE framework adopting complex IS innovations. Several studies are grounded in the TOE framework for assessing the value of e-business at the firm level (Lin and Lin, 2008; Oliveira and Martins, 2010; Zhu et al., 2004). They found that technological readiness (the significant factor), financial resources, global scope, and regulatory environment contribute strongly to e-business value. Hong and Zhu (2006) considered the TOE framework in the adoption of e-commerce and the identification of new factors that fit the characteristics of type III innovation. Shirish and Teo (2010) demonstrated the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the TOE framework and suggested that policy makers should consider measures to enhance development of e-government and e-business collectively. Pan and Jang (2008) examined the factors within the TOE framework that affect the decision to adopt ERP in Taiwan’s communications industry. Chong and Ooi (2008) utilised the TOE model empirically to examine the factors that affect the adoption of the RosettaNet standard. Conceptual Model: The foundation of theoretical model consists of TAM and TOE model. During the last two decades, Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989; Davis et al. 1989) has emerged as a powerful explanation to account for the influence of technology acceptance behaviors in a wide variety of IT. This study focuses on positive effect of Technology, Organization and Environment on the Technology Acceptance Model among high-tech Industries. Few previous studies, if any, have focused on the adoption and acceptance of cloud database. Nor did previous studies examine the effect of TOE and TAM for the acceptance of cloud database. Research Model: Based on our theoretical proposition that relates TOE (Technology, Organization and Environment and Technology) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) a research model (Figure 2) has been developed and propose six hypotheses grounded in the cloud database context. Technology Acceptance Model and Cloud Database: A cloud database is a part of Information Technology; as such the intention to use the cloud database should be explained in part of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This model has been used in number of research and numerous empirical results show that TAM is a parsimonious and robust model (Gefen and Straub, 2000). According to TAM, the intention to use a new technology is affected by 1.Perceived usefulness (PU) and 2.Perceived ease of use (PEOU). PU is defined as a belief that using a technology will enhance a person’s job performance, while PEOU is defined as the degree to which a person believes that using an IT will be free of effort. TAM has been discussed in great detail by (Gefen and Straub 2000; Venkatesh and Davis 2000). As shown in previous research (Gefen et al. 2000), this study hypothesize that paths predicted by TAM apply also to internet cloud service usage. As in previous TAM studies, the underlying logic are users react rationally when select an Information Technology to work on. The more useful and easy to use is the internet Cloud service in enabling the users to accomplish their tasks, the more it will be used: H1: PEOU will positively affect PU of an internet Cloud service. H2: PU will positively affect intended use of an internet Cloud service. H3: PEOU will positively affect intended use of an internet Cloud service.
Thursday, September 5, 2019
Relationship Between Art and Creativity
Relationship Between Art and Creativity  Fabian Espin ABSTRACT It is often said that artists have got a considerable use of imagination and hence they are more creative than other people. However, several scientists around the world state that art have nothing to do with creativity. They actually claim that scientists are as creative as artists. As a matter of fact, creativity have presented a prominently increase overtime. Time ago, human beings were not able to build temples or communicate with each other. However, nowadays, scientists are capable to divide the atom and build enormous rockets that can go to the moon. Indeed, arts have played a crucial role into the development of creativity. It is, actually, due to art that cavemen could paint in temples and develop a way to communicate. In fact, arts help human beings to have an open mind and think outside the box. It is arts that have motivated numerous people to create. Nevertheless, arts has, wit out a doubt, enhanced creativity. DOES ARTS ENHANCE CREATIVITY? Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes, art is knowing which ones to keep. Overtime, creativity has presented a considerable impact among people because new ideas have emerged out of nowhere. Hence, the world has had a gradual development throughout the years. As a matter of fact, this development is clearly seen in a numerous fields, from technology to arts. Indeed, arts enhances creativity, which is crucial for innovation and adaptation. Creative people have the ability to see multiple solutions, employ original thoughts, and use their imagination. Arts promotes these skills, encouraging unique responses and diverse ways of looking at things. Nevertheless, creativity is undoubtedly enhanced by arts in three different ways. First of all, arts gives the opportunity to find multiple solutions to a definite problem. Next, there is a greater use of imagination in the world of arts. Finally, arts encourages motivation. This motivation aid people to be creative and make their id eas to emerge. Long ago, human beings manifested the capacity to be creative. From making tools from stones, painting in walls to mechanisms for moving things more easily and creating new ways to communicate. Countless problems were presented time ago. However, people around the world had the capacity to deal with these problems. People had the opportunity to find solutions, and they did it. They could identify principles of geometry, the physics of forces and kinematics and its mechanisms. Therefore, they built pyramids. They painted in caves and later in temples. Natural colors, oils and acrylic were constantly used in order to paint properly. According to Nancy C. Andreasen, in her article Creativity In Art And Science: Are There Two Cultures? (2012): Creativity is a topic of enormous importance. For many lay people, the word creative evokes images of novelists, poets, composers, and visual artists. If prompted, they would acknowledge the creativity of mathematician/physicists such as Einstein or inventors such as Thomas Edison, but there is a general tendency to assume that creativity is more associated with the arts than the sciences. In fact, creativity is strongly related with arts. Undoubtedly, arts has given people around the world the chance to find solutions to fixed problems long time ago. Conversely, science is also related to creativity. In the article Scientists Are More Creative Than You Might Imagine (Alexandra Ossola, 2014), the author claims that scientist are as creative as the artists in question. However, there is no doubt that arts and science are certainly linked with creativity. Secondly, arts motivates people to be more creative and therefore to improve in several ways. Let us consider the Learning through the arts program (Upitis and Smithrim, 2005). This system was created by the Royal Conservatory of Music in Canada. Basically, this program analyzed the effects of arts in education. The LTTA program measured and compared students results between schools that took this program and schools that were not interested in the program. As expected, after three years of the program, students into LTTA program obtained higher grades than the others. Hence, students presented a significant improvement. This is also highlighted in the documentary: The Finland Phenomenon. Education in Finland is way different from other countries around the world. From teachers to classrooms, the methodology presented into these schools is distinct. However, arts have also taken an important place in Finland. Essentially, arts among these students are presented in many ways. Painting , singing and freedom to express themselves can be considered forms of arts. It is clearly seen that students in Finland have achieved greater results so far so arts have clearly helped students from Finland to be more creative. Finally, arts allows a greater use of imagination. Being surrounded with great art as music or literature, opens peoples mind. Accoring to the article 7 Ways To Increase Your Creativity(Jordan Driediger, 2007), being surrounded by art builds a template of quality and standard of excellence that can propel your creativity forward. The author goes on to say the following statement There is absolutely nothing wrong with studying and even copying aspects of the greats of your industry. As Pablo Picasso once said, Good artists copy, great artists steal. While I agree with Picasso, it goes without saying that you should steal their methods and not their products. In the video A Young Tinkerer Builds A Windmill the 20-year-old William Kamkwamba achieved his dream. Basically, he powered up a country that had no electricity before his windmill. Arts can be defined as the science of feeling and passion, and William presented exactly these virtues. He had a dream and he went all the way in order to make this dream to come true. Undoubtedly, this intensify of feeling and imagination contributed to Williams passion and creativity. To sum up, arts has enhanced creativity overtime. This has given people around the world the possibility to improve and be creative. Nowadays, scientists are able to divide an atom and to create huge rockets that go to the moon. This improvement is given by the fact that human beings were finding solutions when problems were presented. Also, motivation through artistic methodology has been shown especially in education, when arts have had a huge impact. Students around the world can feel that they are able to achieve something important because they feel motivated. In addition, being surrounded by arts has improved human minds in order to be more open and creative. Arts exists to express, not to impress, and this definite expression have taken place when being creative, because people can think outside the box.
Wednesday, September 4, 2019
Military Policy :: essays research papers
POLSCI 111                                   Gerard Chretien Introduction to American Government               May 15, 2001 MILITARY DEFENSE POLICY Dear Mr. President,           As a proud American and veteran of our great armed forces, I strongly advocate that you initiate a new policy regarding the maintenance and strategic welfare of our nations forces. The current conditions of our military are not in sync with the needs of the 21st century challenges and objectives. There is numerous issues that need to be addressed such as: new weapon development, increase in pay, consolidation of various programs, review of oversea deployment policy and so forth.           Currently you are aware that your predecessor (malignant Bill Clinton) and his administration have not developed any policy to upgrade our forces during his presidential tenure. Having served in the military, I can say from personal experience, that our forces need a desperate infusion of new weapons and strategic programs that would do away with inefficient and obsolete ones. Our men and women, who wear their proud uniform, represent one of America’s most treasured assets, thus their needs must be held to a high standard.           During the Clinton era, for that matter, since the end of the Reagan era, defense spending has been systematically reduced across the board (omitting the Gulf War). This type of reduction leaves our armed forces inadequately supplied with resources to combat issues that affect the U.S. domestically and abroad. The current status must be overhauled and restructured.           You may feel that as a result of the Cold-War ending and the majority of America feeling the need to expand our military is not necessary, I urge you not to ride the same track of thought. Having rogue states still capable in constructing weapons of mass destruction (e.g. Iraq) and host of other states that despise our way of life, it’s imperative, now more than ever, that we stay militarily capable and ready to defend America’s interest.           Now there is many who believe that the United States should down grade military production because of several factors. First, the United States is the remaining super-power in the world, a threat from an antagonistic country like North Korea or Iraq seems ridiculous and very remote. Secondly we have the world’s most productive economy, allowing us to build and purchase anything that fits our interest. Last and most importantly we have and sustain the most dangerous armed forces known to man. Such factors leads us to believe that military spending is futile in age of peace time and further more, America’s most dangerous rival (Soviet Union) is no longer a threat, but a cooperative diplomatic engaging state.
Tuesday, September 3, 2019
Female Deceit and Gender Bias in Death :: Feminism Feminist Papers
Female Deceit and Gender Bias in Death Death is the end to the natural cycle of life and is represented as dark, melancholic and even menacing. The underworld is depicted as a murky and sinister realm where the dead are trapped in a world of eternal darkness. Ancient drama, however, defies the conventional perceptions and representations of death. Despite the foreboding associated with it, characters in ancient drama embrace death in its frightening glory, rather than face the repercussions of their actions, especially when their honor and pride are at stake. Deceit is also an integral part of ancient drama and characters, particularly women, fall prey to it and unwittingly unleash chaos that more often that, negatively impacts the lives of the characters. This paper demonstrates how gender biases can be interpreted from the depiction of death and the characters’ justifications of it in two of Sophocles’ plays – Ajax and Women of Trachis and also demonstrates how female deception le ads to the death of the principal character(s). Interestingly, the concepts of death and deceit are intertwined. Deceit often leads to death and illustrates gender bias in even the portrayal of death. The woman’s suicide is almost always portrayed as the coward’s way out of a difficult situation, whereas the man embraces death in order to keep intact his pride and glory, being even braver in death than in life. In both instances of male and female death, female deception plays a vital role and the woman is frequently responsible for creating the unsavory situation. Warrior pride plays a vital role in Ajax, eventually propelling the hero to his death. Ajax is portrayed as an accomplished and mighty warrior, eulogized by even his worst enemy, Odysseus, as â€Å"The bravest man I ever saw / except for Achilles, the best and bravest who ever came to Troy†(Aj. 66, 83-85). Ajax’s whole sense of self is shattered in one swift moment of induced madness by Athena. She uses her divine powers and tricks him into confusing sheep as member of his army. Ajax seeking revenge on his army, slaughters the sheep, believing them to be the generals of his army and their followers, who had wronged him.
Monday, September 2, 2019
Is Science Moving Too Quickly? :: Technology Essays
Is Science Moving Too Quickly? Before when I heard the word science the first thing came to my mind was human cloning. However, recently I started thinking deeper toward this issue. Before, I thought everything about science is unnatural. Scientists are going against God and Human nature. After reading Bishop's and Rifkins's articles my view changed toward science completely. By comparing and contrasting these great scholars, science made more sense to me. In 1995 J. Michael Bishop wrote an article deploring the detractors of scientific advancement and exploration. Likewise, in 1988 (republished in 1998) Jeremy Rifkin wrote an article warning of the dangers of advances in the science of biotechnology and calling for caution in that area. Both men agree on several issues but disagree on many more. The credentials of both men are very different. J. Michael Bishop, a professor of microbiology at UC San Francisco, as the result of "a seemingly obscure observation" (Bishop 239) regarding a virus that causes cancer in chickens, has won a Nobel Prize for identifying genes that are involved in the genesis of human cancer. Jeremy Rifkin is a well-known, well-written, informed, respected social activist, a not-for-profit watchdog for Everyman. Both men mention religion. Bishop is annoyed over having to re-fight battles with "religious zealots" like those who press for the teaching of creationism despite the finding for Darwin's theory in the Scopes trial. Rifkin appeals to them: Human-authored creation could lead to a "laboratory-conceived second Genesis" which could then lead to a "biological Tower of Babel and the spread of chaos throughout the biological world, drowning out the ancient language of creation" (Rifkin 245). Bishop is probably more scientifically knowledgeable overall. However, in the article he makes an interesting point unintentionally not in his favor, regarding scientific ignorance. "[Many adult Americans] do not even know that the Earth circles the Sun" (Bishop 241). Recently, "a prominent member of Congress betrayed his ignorance of how the prostate gland differs from the testes" (Bishop 241). Bishop also says that even scientists do not understand each other. After "laboring mightily" to make a text understandable by the readers of Scientific American, (a magazine not for the uneducated), he was dismayed by the comment of a "solid-state physicist of considerable merit" who asked him, "What exactly is a gene?" (Bishop 242). Likewise he reports that 23 geophysicists could not distinguish between DNA and RNA; a Nobel Prize winning chemist had never heard of plate tectonics; and biologists who thought string theory might have something to do with pasta.
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